A few art terms to start.
Fore ground
Middle ground
Far ground
Look at drawings or paintings to identify these parts, even if it's a shallow depth.
It is interesting to compare Gauguin and Van Gogh’s work. Here, they painted together in Arles. Gauguin is all about the foreground, that's where he sets up the thesis to each painting. Van Gogh is all about the middle and far ground. Different ways of looking at the world.
Two paintings done side by side Gauguin and Van Gogh.
Both paintings have a sense of space. Gauguin, overlaps, changes the horizon, and diminishes size. Van Gogh, primarily uses one-point vanishing perspective. Van Gogh can get away with the lamps being the about same size, because his vanishing point is so strong. He does diminish the chairs in size. Both paintings successfully render space.
These are the tools we have to indicate space.
Perspective, one two and three point vanishing points.
Overlap
Diminishing size
Diminishing marks
Horizon Line
Ariel perspective
Color and value change
Value contrasts
Edges, hard and soft
We've thought a little bit about vanishing points already when we looked at determining angles on lesson two.
When angles converge to a single point, It's called one point perspective. Da Vinci's Last Supper is a famous examples of single point perspective.
All lines, including the arms, lead to Christ's head.
Two point perspective is something we commonly see, buildings are perfect examples.
Here's the Concept:
The Vanishing Points do not always have to be within the picture plane. Be aware of them when you are drawing, many things have a rectangular envelope, so a sense of perspective will apply. For example, think of an eggbeater or a rowboat as a rectangle and apply rules of perspective to it.
Project, try the exercise just illustrated, on a large piece of paper, draw a horizon line, 2 vanishing points and create several geometric shapes above and below the horizon line.
What's happening inside a room? We see vanishing points from inside the cube. The verticals in a room looks very vertical. We are so close to the walls, that we don't notice the third vanishing point, up. The third vanishing point is commonly seen on tall buildings or trees around here. When you can, stand at the base of a tree and look up. The third vanishing point is a little more subtle, see if you can find it just looking around, or even on a small object. On a small object, like a coffee cup, the third vanishing point will be below.
The third point can be above or below, Bird's Eye view or Worm's Eye view. Try it! Sometimes a lens on a camera will exaggerate three point perspective. If you are working from photos, you may have to compensate for this distorted view of a wide angle lens.
More convincing ways to Creating Space
Overlap is a great way to indicate space.
Diminishing size is also a way to indicate space, often artists combining overlap and diminishing size together. Diminishing size is related to perspective vanishing points. Think of a row of trees along side a road.
Diminishing Marks, less details as thing go back.
Here is a Van Gogh drawing
Project, Draw some of the corn stalks in the field above using diminishing marks.
Change in Horizon line indicates space. This is a wonderful phenomena we see here in the San Juan Islands, a change in Horizon lines, check it out next time you ride the ferry. A change in horizon can be used in a close view, like a still life, the viewer will know it's a different distance away.
Another Van Gogh drawing, simple objects with a different horizon line and overlapping.
Ariel Perspective means a couple of things. Think of the concept as “adding air” things get lighter and bluer as they recede in space. Observe the way land masses lighten up and “blue up”. Color as it relates to Ariel Perspective: yellows and reds advance. As space recedes, yellow drops out, then red drops out and we are left with blue, blue gets lighter and lighter.Blue recedes. Warmer colors advance, cool versions of the same color go back.
For painters, note, the same color and value reads as the same place in space. So if you want to create a sense of space and volume, slightly change your color and/or your value. For example, across the planes of the forehead, change color and values slightly if you want to create a convincing volume. This important rule of thumb can be applied to any situation in drawing and painting. In other words, when something changes, even it it's only slightly, change your value and/or your color, even if it's only 1 degree different. This will applies to the planes of the face, and just about everything else. Here's a stylized hard-edge drawing of the planes of the face, showing how the planes change value and would be color.
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Value contrast, High contrasts advance. 1 to 10 value contrast are forward. Useful for creating a pictorial event. 1 to 10 value contrast draws in the viewer. The farther back, the less contrast. Instead of a 1 to 10 value contrast, there might be a 4 to 7 value contrast, the farther back in space. Find a long distance view and check this out.
Last but not least, Edges
Hard edges advance, especially if you can combine with a 1 to 10 value contrast.....Good for a bold punctuation mark.
Soft edges recede, Use this knowledge when ever you want things to go back in space.
It's common to have edge issues, remember to soften your edges in the far ground.
This week's project, draw the view out your window, try several windows.
Use your viewfinder, draw the contour lines, add some shading. Voila!
I hope everyone can join us for the portrait class, starting March 27th
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